Beginning as tax protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many ordinary people. It is only as historical sources look back upon these events do they began to summarize the various aspects of these uprisings as the "White Lotus rebellion.". "Issues and Trends in China's Demographic History." Though he passed through an area inhabited by almost a million peasants, his army never measured more than 4,000 soldiers, many of whom had been forced into service. "Broken Passage to the Summit: Nayanchengs Botched Mission in the White Lotus War." As a result of such technological improvements, the Chinese population exploded, increasing from just shy of 178 million in 1749 to almost 359 million in 1811; and by 1851, the population in Qing dynasty China was close to 432 million people. At first, farmers in regions adjacent to Mongolia worked for the Mongols, but eventually, the people in the overcrowded Hubei and Hunan provinces flowed out and into the region. [CDATA[ Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. Administrators also seized and destroyed sectarian scriptures which were used by the religious groups. International imperialism brought the Opium Wars (1840-42 and 1856-60), Sino-French War (1884-85), Sino-Japanese War (1894-95) and Boxer War (1898-1900). Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries.[9]. When the Manchu tribes of Manchuria (now Northeast China) conquered China some 500 years later in the 17th century and proclaimed the Qing dynasty, the White Lotus. Strong rebel leaders began to have major impacts on the ability of the Qing to rule. When the Manchu tribes of Manchuria (now Northeast China) conquered China some 500 years later in the 17th century and proclaimed the Qing dynasty, the White Lotus members dedicated themselves to the overthrow of the alien Manchu and to the return of the previous Ming dynasty (13681644). Update now. Inventions _____ us amazing stories about her youth in Hong Kong. It broke out (1796) among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan prov. The Qing had forbidden agriculture in the northern regions, which were left to the Mongol pastoralists, but the introduction of new world crops such as potato and maize opened the northern region plains farming. Without a clear enemy to fight against, brutality against civilians became more common. Then a turn of fortune and successive victories of the imperialists would almost annihilate their armies and crush all their hopes. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the 14th century under Mongol rule. The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (11271279). The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (1127-1279). Asia for Educators, Columbia University, 2009. Social uprisings against the Qing began with the White Lotus uprising in 17961820. Wang Lun likely failed because he did not make any attempts to raise wide public support. Southern Shensi, with its great amounts of vacant land, attracted immigrants on a large scale after severe famines and crop failures had occurred in Hupeh and Szechwan provinces in the 1770s. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. [4] The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. Many partisans joined and the society grew rapidly until 1794, when it broke out into the rebellion that subsequently spread over Hupeh and Western China under Liu Cbi-hieh and cast a gloom over the close of the long and brilliant reign of Kien-lung. At first the Ch'ing administration, under the control of Ho-shen, sent inadequate and inefficient imperial forces to suppress the ill-organized rebels. The White Lotus War (1796-1804) in central China marked the end of the Qing dynasty's golden age and the fatal weakening of the imperial system itself. The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. Beginning as tax protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many ordinary people. . Welcome to White Lotus Dental: At White Lotus Dental our goal is to provide the highest quality dental care in a comfortable, relaxed and friendly environment. When Chinese peasants raised a huge anti-foreigner movement in 1900, called the Boxer Rebellion, they initially opposed both the Qing ruling family and the European powers (plus Japan). Forty-eight years later, Zeng Guofan, leader of Hunan-based Xiang Army studied the Qing government's methods during the White Lotus Rebellion and he was inspired by them while he was considering ways to suppress the Taiping Rebellion. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the 14th century under the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. White Lotus Rebellion, Chinese anti-Manchu uprising that occurred during the Ch'ing dynasty. A pattern emerged of growing rice in the valley bottoms, corn on the lower mountain slopes, and Irish potatoes on the higher land. Without a clear enemy to fight against, brutality against civilians became more common. The rebellion was ended by the deaths of some 100,000 rebels. He did not distribute captured wealth or food supplies, nor did he promise to lessen the tax burden. The Qianlong Emperor (r. 173596) sent Helin (, brother of Heshen) and Fuk'anggan to quell the uprising. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . "White Lotus Rebellion The White Lotus bands mainly used guerrilla tactics, and once they disbanded were virtually indistinguishable from the local population. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). that can be demarcated by a territorial boundary and identified by its distinctive clothing and language. Rather, it consisted of uncoordinated roving bands using hit-and-run guerrilla tactics. 3: China and Her National Minorities; Han. This took place during the Qing Dynasty, and lasted from 1796 to 1804. Grandmother. ." This rebellion was less successful than that of the Red Turbans, and the Qing government succeeded in crushing this uprising. The rebellion was ended by the deaths of some 100,000 rebels. The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion that occurred during the Qing Dynasty of China. Find your perfect car with Edmunds expert reviews, car comparisons, and pricing tools. The Qing state banned the religion, and it, The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (11271279). Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. In China, the Qing Dynasty had just put down the White Lotus Rebellion, a tax protest that ultimately killed about 16 million people a reminder that mass death and population growth don't . Snow Lotus | Frisco TX The dynasty had to resort to a strategy of removing all food supplies from the countryside and collecting the peasants into a series of armed stockades. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. (2020, August 27). Only after 1800 did the Qing government adopt new tactics that established local militias (tuan) to help surround and destroy the White Lotus. The young pretender, Wang Fa-sheng, was never any other than a puppet in the hands of the leaders. A decree by the Daoguang Emperor admitted, "it was extortion by local officials that goaded the people into rebellion" By threatening the arrest of people who engaged in sectarian activities, local officials and police extorted money from people. Snow Lotus is your One stop shop for exclusive Antique Silver Artifacts & Authentic Silver in Dallas. Omissions? Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries. "The Fall of China's Qing Dynasty in 19111912." A major contribution to the downfall of the last dynasty were external forces, in the form of new Western technologies, as well as a gross miscalculation on the part of the Qing as to the strength of European and Asian imperialistic ambitions. (February 22, 2023). The balance of power had tipped decidedly away from the imperial court and toward the foreign powers. Other White Lotus spinoffs include the Eight Trigrams, the Tiger Whips, and the Yihequan (Boxers). The White Lotus Rebellion was initiated as an antitax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. What should be done with these revolutionary cultists? ", Without any clear enemy to fight, brutality against civilians became more common. . Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). Administrators also seized and destroyed sectarian scriptures which were used by the religious groups. This is a list of major rebellions that have occurred in China from 209 BCE to present times. The grew in number and power and eventually, into a serious concern for the government. [6] After more than 2,000 years, though, Chinese imperial power under the last Chinese dynasty was about to collapse for good. Since then, this book has become an invaluable source because it has enabled scholars to understand the beliefs of these groups. Unable to build up a support base, he was forced to quickly flee all three cities that he attacked in order to evade government troops. Though he passed through an area inhabited by almost a million peasants, his army never measured more than 4,000 soldiers, many of whom had been forced into service. The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. On assuming effective power in 1799, however, Emperor Chia Ch'ing (reigned 17961820) overthrew the Ho-shen clique and gave support to the efforts of the more vigorous Manchu commanders as a way of restoring discipline and morale. from Hubei and Shaanxi provs. The White Lotus Rebellion was put down in 1805 as a combination of military and social policies. The White Lotus peasant rebellion broke out in 1795 (White Lotus was the name of a secret society that had first fought against the Mongols). [12] The experience of suppressing the rebellion led to improvement in the organization and training of the militia, as many of their leaders wrote extensively on mobilization, enlistment and local defense methods. In 1794, a similar movement arose in the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces in central China, initially as a tax protest. https://www.thoughtco.com/fall-of-the-qing-dynasty-195608 (accessed March 4, 2023). Since then, this book has become an invaluable source because it has enabled scholars to understand the beliefs of these groups. The group later reemerged in the late 18th century in the form of an inspired Chinese movement. In 1794, a similar movement arose in the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces in central China, initially as a tax protest. Actual participation in sect activities had no impact on an arrest; whether or not monetary demands were met, however, did. Japan stripped away Taiwan, took effective control of Korea (formerly a Chinese tributary) following the First Sino-Japanese War of 189596, and also imposed unequal trade demands in the 1895 Treaty of Shimonoseki. By 1387, after more than thirty years of war, their leader, Zhu Yuanzhang had liberated all of China. ", Dai, Yingcong. It had cost the lives of countless civilians and regular troops, including more than 400 high officers, and consumed more than 200 million liang /tael, which corresponded to four times the annual revenues of the state treasury. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. - systematic program of pacification followed, Causes and effects of internal challenges; Wh, taiping (Taip'ing) rebellion: reasons for the, taping rebellionconsequences for Chinese soc, tongzhi restoration and self-strengthening mo, collectivisation (maintenance of power, stali, John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen, Eric Hinderaker, James A. Henretta, Rebecca Edwards, Robert O. Self. //]]>. ThoughtCo, Aug. 27, 2020, thoughtco.com/fall-of-the-qing-dynasty-195608. White Lotus Rebellion, Chinese anti-Manchu uprising that occurred during the Ch'ing dynasty. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. . Chien-lung BJ Ter Haar has argued that the term "White Lotus" was used primarily by Ming and Qing imperial bureaucrats to disparagingly explain a wide range of unconnected millenarian traditions, rebel movements, and popular religious practices. The Fall of China's Qing Dynasty in 19111912. Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps. [6] The group forecast the advent of Maitreya, advocated restoration of the native Chinese Ming Dynasty, and promised personal salvation to its followers while promising the return of the Buddha.[7]. [13], Forty-eight years later, Zeng Guofan, leader of Hunan-based Xiang Army studied the Qing government's methods during the White Lotus Rebellion and he was inspired by them while he was considering ways to suppress the Taiping Rebellion. In 1896, Yan Fu translated Herbert Spencer's treatises on social Darwinism. in, Gaustad, Blaine C. "Prophets and pretenders: inter-sect competition in Qianlong China. One Qing response was to suppress the word "revolution" by banning it from their world-history textbooks. This signaled the beginning of the end for the Qing dynasty. After both died in battle in 1796, the Qing government sent new officials, but none were successful. Here, the White Lotus led impoverished settlers into rebellion, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. Although the rebellion continued for nine years, it never became an organized attempt to establish a new dynasty. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. Qing Dynasty, China's Last Imperial Family, The Boxer Rebellion in Editorial Cartoons, Biography of Sun Yat-sen, Chinese Revolutionary Leader, The Fall of the Ming Dynasty in China in 1644, Tibet and China: History of a Complex Relationship, The Complex Structure of Ethnic Conflict in the Frontier: Through the Debates Around the 'Jindandao Incident' in 1891, The Monarch and Inner/Outer Court Dualism in Late Imperial China, 'Revolution': Conceptualizing Political and Social Change in the Late Qing Dynasty, Moving to the Right Place at the Right Time: Economic Effects on Migrants of the Manchuria Plague of 191011, Size and Dynastic Decline: The Principal-Agent Problem in Late Imperial China, 17001850. [9], A systematic program of pacification followed: the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militias. The rebellion grew in number and power and eventually, into a serious concern for the government. [11], The tide of the rebellion was turned by Qing leaders relying on the local gentry-raised private militias of Hunan, Hubei and Shaanxi. . How did the Rebellion impact Qing society? [9], Throughout the 1820s and 1830s, the area of the boundary between Henan and Anhui was perpetually plagued by White Lotus revolts, the White Lotus rebels were frequently in league with the area's brigands and salt smugglers. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. Only after 1800 did the Qing government adopt new tactics that established local militias (tuan) to help surround and destroy the White Lotus. As one Qing official complained:[6], "The rebels are all our own subjects. from Hubei and Shaanxi provs. The White Lotus led impoverished slaves to freedom, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. Eventually, the rebellion was crushed by the Qing elites; but the White Lotus organization remained secret and intact, and advocated for the overthrow of the Qing dynasty. It took nine years of warfare and great loss. It apparently began as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society that forecast the advent . Consequently, a person's actual participation in sectarian activities had no impact on his or her arrest; what really mattered was whether monetary demands were met or not. Civil conflicts including the White Lotus Rebellion (1774-1805), Xinjiang wars (1820s and 1860s) and Taiping Civil War (1850-64) broke out across Qing China. "White Lotus Rebellion Rather than following the path of Japan's Meiji Restoration and modernizing the country, Cixi purged her court of modernizers. Dr. Kallie Szczepanski is a history teacher specializing in Asian history and culture. The rebels are all our own subjects. Having attained the Mandate of Heaven and the status of Emperor, Zhu Yuanzhang named his period of reign "Hongwu" (thus he was known as the Hongwu Emperor) and founded a new dynasty the Ming dynasty. The Qing believed that the way to avoid the errors of the White Lotus rebellion was to clamp down on foreign influence. His rule covered a span of 63 years, a reign lo, Kublai Khan Beginning as tax protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many ordinary people. Dimitri Vegas, Steve Aoki The White Lotus Theme (Aloha!) The White Lotus rebellion began when large groups of Chinese rioted in 1794. //