So they did not have to change their true attitudes. The said group served as the control group of the experiment. He was told to use one hand and to work at his own speed. GzXfc^+"R89DP{va3'72IKmr(6*k&LCl7pK)rMTvlTx6Gdo-mnsU June 22, 2015 In the famous Festinger experiment, participants were paid either $1 or $20 to lie to a woman in the waiting room about how interesting the task really was. Psych Web has over 1,000 pages, so it may be elsewhere on the site. The amount of money paid the subject was varied. In the other two conditions, however, the Ss told someone that these tasks were interesting and enjoyab1e. It shows people will do anything to fit in with the group. 4. The girl, after this listened quietly, accepting and agreeing to everything the S told her. Gerard goes to his job interview dressed in patched blue jeans, a torn t-shirt, and sandals. An experiment by Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) brought cognitive dissonance theory to the attention of American social psychologists. According to research in interpersonal attraction, the most likely explanation for them to "find" each other is______. A teacher decides against assigning group projects in which all groups members get the same grade. This is an example of which rule of attraction? The average ratings on this question, presented in the first row of figures in Table 1, are the results most important to the experiment. He then said: The E then took the S into the secretary's office where he had previously waited and where the next S was waiting. In all the comparisons, the Control condition should be regarded as a baseline from which to evaluate the results in the other two conditions. Specifically, subjects were asked to put spools onto and then off the try with the use of only one hand for half an hour, and then for the next half hour, turn square pegs clockwise in quarter turns, and then start all over again once the whole cycle's been finished for all 48 square pegs. How did the Festinger and Carlson experiment work? Alex, who is in the honors program, failed to do his share of the work on the group project with his four classmates. 2. What happens when students are asked to defend positions contrary to their beliefs? He called it the Sacrifice Trap: If we once start making sacrifices for anythinga family, a religion, or a nationwe find that we cannot admit to ourselves that the sacrifices have been in vain without a threat to our personal identity. After two minutes the E returned, asked the girl to go into the experimental room, thanked the S for talking to the girl, wrote down his phone number to continue the fiction that we might call on him again in the future and then said: "Look, could we check and see if that fellow from introductory psychology wants to talk to you?". About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features NFL Sunday Ticket Press Copyright . A woman argues that it is morally wrong to kill animals for food becomes upset when she is asked to explain why she is wearing a leather belt and leather shoes. Relat., 1953, 6, 185-214. Jerry goes to a lot of dog races because he enjoys them and loves to see the dogs run. According to the bystander effect, Leshan is more likely to get help if there is (are)______. Do a site-specific Google search using the box below. From our point of view the experiment had hardly started. New York Times, p.C1. <> There is another possible way, however. "Cognitive consequences of forced compliance". Many people resisted school desegregation, saying, "You can't change people's behavior before you change their attitudes.". Actually, the result, as may be seen in the table, are in exactly the same direction, and the magnitude of the mean differences is fully as large as on the first question. You have created 2 folders. All Ss, without exception, were quite willing to return the money. are learned through experiences and contact with others, Cindy tastes peas for the first time and realizes she does not like them. Imagine you are a participant in a famous experiment staged by the creative Festinger and his student J. Merrill Carlsmith (1959). Thus, with self-selection of who did and who did not make the required overt statement and with varying percentages of subjects in the different conditions who did make the requsted statement, no interpretation of the data can be unequivocal. Actually this finding by Kelman is consistent with the theory we will outline below but, for a number of reasons is not conclusive. Prejudice is to ____ as discrimination is to _______. Michigan Academician, 1, 3-12. They had not enjoyed the experiment, but now they were asked to lie and say they had enjoyed it. The private opinions of the subjects concerning the experience were then determined. 90 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<20DCF6A9F66A934D9B18D4D3D2546E7A><7EBEFA77420BBC4EB7D76A22531484C2>]/Index[80 30]/Info 79 0 R/Length 66/Prev 129900/Root 81 0 R/Size 110/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream The participants who were in the control group were not given any motivation. Festinger's theory of cognitive dissonance has been one . When the interview was over, the interviewer brought the S back to the experimental room where the E was waiting together with the girl who had posed as the waiting S. (In the control condition, of course, the girl was not there.) Cries for help, shouting, and loud noises all help with which step in the decision process for helping? One might expect: that, in the Twenty Dollar condition, having been paid more, they would try to do a better job of it than in the One Dollar condition. The said images can be a reference to physical reality or in comparison to other people. Their data, however, are not included in the analysis. These Ss were treated identically in all respects to the Ss in the experimental conditions, except that they were never asked to, and never did, tell the waiting girl that the experimental tasks were enjoyable and lots of fun. Assume that you were a participant in the experiment conducted by Leon Festinger and J. Merrill Carlsmith (1959), in which participants were paid either a large or small sum of money to tell an innocent stranger that the boring, tedious task you had just completed was really enjoyable and very interesting. According to the social psychologist, the social comparison theory is the idea that there is a drive within individuals to search for outside images in order to evaluate their own opinions and abilities. (Boulding, 1969). Which of the following is not one of the reasons given by the text for interpersonal attraction? As the E and the S started to walk to the office where the interviewer was, the E said: "Thanks very much for working on those tasks for us. Violent video games have been blamed for all but which of the following? 109 0 obj <>stream The Ss were given a very good reason, in addition to being paid, for saying what they did to the waiting girl. He doesn't run over to help her because he assumes there is probably someone else in the crowd who is a doctor or nurse and who can provide better assistance. Like in every other study, there are some responses that are deemed to be invalid. They were urged to cooperate in these interviews by being completely and honest. Researchers have found that a________ degree of fear in a message makes it more effective particularly when it it combined with __________. 0000013918 00000 n 2. The average rating in this condition is only -.05, slightly and not significantly higher than the Control condition. In Asian cultures, people tend to explain the behavior of others as a result of______. /Type/Page In groupthink, members of the group______. The girl, an undergraduate hired for this role, said little until the S made some positive remarks about the experiment and then said that she was surprised because a friend of hers had taken the experiment the week before and had told her that it was boring and that she ought to try to get out of it. Leon Festinger and his colleague James Carlsmith performed an experiment regarding cognitive dissonance in 1959. You should not put up with abuse, because people who treat you poorly will adopt negative beliefs about you, in order to be consistent with their behavior toward you. They were instructed to put spools onto and off the try with only one hand for half an hour, and then turn 48 square pegs clockwise for the next half hour. When the S arrived for the experiment on "Measures of Performance" he had to wait for a few minutes in the secretary's office. The present experiment was listed as a two-hour experiment dealing with " Meas-ures of Performance." During the first week of the course, when the requirement of serving in experiments was announced and explained to the students, the instructor also told them about a study that the psychology department was conducting. (1957) Attitude change through reward of verbal behavior. 0000000658 00000 n Which of the following does NOT represent an effective method for reducing prejudice? In Asch's black line experiment, participants. In the third element of social identity theory, people use _______ to improve their self-esteem. >> Sets of assumptions that people have about how different types of people, personality traits, ion. All of the following are decision points in helping behavior EXCEPT. Cults use all of the following except_______to gain new members. The difference between the One Dollar and Twenty Dollar conditions is significant at the .03 level (t = 2.22). Her improved performance is an example of. Patrick is very proud of his Irish heritage and thinks of himself as an Irish American. The stronger the S's positive statements about the tasks, and the more ways in which he said they were interesting and enjoyable, the higher the rating. One group was being paid that amount to lie to the next subject about the boring experiment. We will discuss each of the questions on the interview separately, because they were intended to measure different things. In 1959, Leon Festinger and Merrill Carlsmith looked to test Festinger's theory of cognitive dissonance. The area of the brain that is most involved in aggression is the ______. If behavior is assumed to be caused by internal personality characteristics, this is known as___________. Subjects paid $1 were enthusiastic about their lies, and were successful in convincing others that the experiment's activities were interesting. From this point on, the procedure for all three conditions was once more identical. This hypothetical stress brings the subject to intrinsically believe that the activity is indeed interesting and enjoyable. Let us then see what can be said about the total magnitude of dissonance in a person created by the knowledge that he said "not X" and really believes "X." stream 51 0 obj /H [ 658 210 ] Some researchers believe that Milgram's results were a form of the________ technique of persuasion. Research has found that the view that opposites attract, According to Sternberg, love consists of intimacy, passion, and, Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love says that companionate love consists of, Karen intentionally tries to hurt Lisa by spreading rumors about her. The S worked at this task for another half hour. Abused children grow up to become abusers about one third of the time. 50 0 obj A police officer comes to Jane's office to discuss personal safety with the employees there. bystander effect and diffusion of responsibly. The participants were asked to carry out series of monotonous tasks that were meant to be boring and nonsensical. I hope you did enjoy it. Evanston, IL: Row & Peterson The participants who were paid only $1 to perform the boring Three conditions were run, Control, One Dollar, and Twenty Dollars as follows: If the S hesitated, the E said things like, "It will only take a few minutes," "The regular person is pretty reliable; this is the first time he has missed," or "If we needed you we could phone you a day or two in advance; if you couldn't make it of course, we wouldn't expect you to come." /ImageC Find out how you can intelligently organize your Flashcards. enjoyable than the others would. He did this for one-half hour. This, however, was unlikely in this experiment because money was used for the reward and it is undoubtedly difficult to convince oneself that one dollar is more than it really is. In evaluating the total magnitude of dissonance one must take account of both dissonances and consonances. Obviously, Gerard knows nothing about. If you want to keep people from hating each other, work on eliminating hateful behavior. You can use it freely (with some kind of link), and we're also okay with people reprinting in publications like books, blogs, newsletters, course-material, papers, wikipedia and presentations (with clear attribution). Now Lilly says that classic rock is her favorite music, too. Only recently has there been any experimental work related to this question. On the other hand, the ones who were paid $20, apparently had the money as their primary justification for carrying out their task. /O 49 If you make people treat you with respect, they will respect you more, in order to reduce dissonance between their attitudes and their behaviors. What is the Sacrifice Trap? Because of the desirability of investigating this possible alternative explanation, we recorded on a tape recorder the conversation between each S and the girl. 4. His boss, Marco, assumes that traffic was bad this morning. In Festinger and Carlsmith's study, the students who were only paid $1 for doing a very boring task . c5; Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) Term 1 / 8 aim Click the card to flip Definition 1 / 8 show that a person's private opinion will change to reduce dissonance when it conflicts with what they are forced to do Click the card to flip Flashcards Learn Test Match Created by UorFawzi Terms in this set (8) aim 4), we will here give only a brief outline of the reasoning. Like Explorable? No problem, save it as a course and come back to it later. When the do not, they experience unpleasant mental tension or dissonance answer choices attribution theory cognitive dissonance theory reciprocity theory compliance theory Question 3 45 seconds Q. Instead the opposite happened. Festinger and Carlsmith hypothesized that when people lie and don't have a good reason to lie (such as being paid only one measly dollar), they will be motivated to believe the lie. Twenty Dollar condition. He found, rather, that a large reward produced less subsequent opinion change than did a smaller reward. [p. 208] In the Twenty Dollar condition, where less dissonance was created experimentally because of the greater importance of the consonant relations, there is correspondingly less evidence of dissonance reduction. << What similar but opposite statement appears in Hoffer's book The True Believer ? Take it with you wherever you go. In these circumstances, the object of sacrifice becomes "sacred" and it is in a position to demand further sacrifices. In these circumstances, the object of sacrifice becomes "sacred" and it is in a position to demand further sacrifices. in the experiment we varied the amount of reward used to force persons to make a statement contrary to their private views. A theory of cognitive dissonance. In Sternberg's model, intimacy, passion, and commitment are all present in, The area of the brain that controls aggressive responses is the, Zimbardo's prison experiment lasted only five days because, of the extreme effect it was having on the participants, Ryan sees a woman collapse in the mall. The present experiment was designed to test this derivation under controlled, laboratory conditions. Three other participants declined the offer and another one, though he gave the girl a positive briefing, he asked for the girl's number afterwards so he can, according to him, explain to her further what the study is about. His hair is uncombed and he hasn't shaved in a few days. Psychol., 1954, 49, 211-218. The 71 subjects were informed that the experiment focuses on the "Measures of Performance." And lastly, participants were asked whether they would want to participate again in the future in a study the same as this, using the scale -5 to +5. The difference .between the One Dollar and Control conditions is not impressive at all (t = 1.21). This works (according to cognitive dissonance theory) because, once the person has put out time and energy to help you, the person must develop an attitude consistent with the behavior. Leon Festinger's 1957 cognitive dissonance theory suggests that we act to reduce the disharmony, or dissonance, of our conflicting feelings. 0 (Boulding, 1969) Retrieved Mar 04, 2023 from Explorable.com: https://explorable.com/cognitive-dissonance. participants were paid $1 and the other half was paid $20. Imagine 100 individuals are asked to take part in a replication of Milgram's famous study on obedience. New York: Harper & Row. The interviewer, of course, was always kept in complete ignorance of which condition the S was in. In this experiment, 71 male participants were given a series of nonsensical and boring tasks. He hoped to exhibit cognitive dissonance in an experiment which was cleverly disguised as a performance experiment. Cindy formed her attitude about peas through the process of, A person tries to change the belief, opinion, or course of action of another person through, People can reduce cognitive dissonance by, forming new cognitions to justify their behavior, Justin walks into the morning meeting 15 minutes late. Hum. We tend to _____ attractive people more than we do less attractive people. hbbd``b` H? Among the paid participants, 5 had suspicions about getting paid for the designated task. When she gets up to play it at the recital in front of 100 people, she preforms it better than she ever has. Muzafer Sherif et al (1954), Plato, Socrates and Shakespeare endorse a "Tripartite Soul" view of Human Nature. You must have JavaScript enabled to use this form. Maria had fallen victim to the_______technique. A laboratory experiment was designed to test these derivations. Toni sees a picture of the new international exchange student and notices that the student looks happy, so Toni automatically assumes that he is also friendly. If you change your attitudes, then presumably your behavior will change. 0000012870 00000 n We will have more to say concerning this explanation in discussing the results of our experiment. Typically the behavior is in the past, by the time the person feels dissonance, so the behavior cannot be changed. Scott, W. A. One would consequently expect to observe such opinion change after a person has been forced or induced to say something contrary to his private opinion. This is an example of, Vince has always believed children deserve the best prenatal care available. This was rated in the same way as for the content before the remark. 112 Psych Web has over 1,000 pages, so it may be elsewhere on the site. Kelman (1953) tried to pursue the matter further. What is the reason for the lack of action, according to Darley and Latane? "Fight acts, not feelings," is the banner of anti-racist social scientists. How are these 100 people likely to respond? Alex was most likely engaging in________. Psychologists familiar with dissonance theory said just the opposite. Dr. Nekita Fuller In Festinger and Carlsmith's (1959) experiment in which they asked individuals to "lie" and tell . /Prev 679084 The participants who were paid only $1 to perform the boring The defendant was not very well spoken and came from a very poor background, but Sandy listened carefully to the evidence presented and made her decision based on that. endobj Half of the Based on experiments by Festinger and Carlsmith, the idea that people are motivated to have consistent attitudes and behaviors. In the Milgram study and several similar studies, between _____ percent of the participants went all the way up to the 450-volt shock level. To start with, she asks her boyfriend to cook dinner for her. Physical attractiveness is most involved in which of the following aspects of persuasion? We would also like to acknowledge the help of Ruth Smith and Marilyn M. Miller. As long as people are not paid a lot of money or given some other obvious inducement to perform the behavior, they will convince themselves it is enjoyable. Once a situation has been defined as an emergency, the next step in the decision-making process is_______. The Ss were told it was necessary for the experiment. In addition to these 5 exceptions, another 2 of the paid participants told the girl the truth that the tasks she will be performing are boring and uninteresting, and that they were just being paid to say otherwise. (1984, August) Psychology Today, pp.40-45. 2. Which of the following is not one of the elements of effective persuasion? How can you get someone to like you, according to Ben Franklin? New York: Harper & Row. OP>$O '@n#}  C ", 3. How could they explain their own behavior to themselves? Subjects were subjected to a boring experience and then paid to tell someone that the experience had been interesting and enjoyable. 4. They present some evidence, which is not altogether conclusive, in support of this explanation. The observed opinion change is greater than for persons who only hear the speech or for persons who read a prepared speech with emphasis solely on execution and manner of delivery The authors of these two studies explain their results mainly in terms of mental rehearsal and thinking up new arguments. When a one-hour session had been completed the students were asked to tell the next participant that the experiment was extremely interesting and enjoyable. hb```s cB@q^2cTaX-mhp\fQgfL7uM^FD0a!&MMtm#4 3;:$:AGCk!;R )b0Hq$q4sX za4],JJAb$de\"p .j,D VZS This study involved 71 male students from Stanford University, of which 11 students were disqualified. A fraction of the participants (the control group) was thanked and let go after an interview. The opposite of Franklin's principle is described by Eric Hoffer, in The True Believer (1951). New York Times, p.C1. Prejudice and discrimination are least likely to develop in which of the following situations? Rating scale -5 to +5, Did the experiment give the subject an opportunity to learn about their own abilities? 59 0 obj $K{.-hC ;{l8S In Latane and Darley's classic 1969 study, they found that____ of the participants reported the smoke in the room when the two confederates in the room noticed the smoke but then ignored it. anything important? Copyright 2007-2018 Russ Dewey 0000010660 00000 n Our identity is in part created by identifying ourselves with the organization or the community for which the sacrifices have been made. Therefore the person's attitude changes. I'm sure you'll enjoy it." This is. To prevent groupthink, member's of a group should do all but which of the following? The more you see someone, the more likely you are to _____ that person. endobj Please sign in to share these flashcards. You must turn off your ad blocker to use Psych Web; however, we are taking pains to keep advertising minimal and unobtrusive (one ad at the top of each page) so interference to your reading should be minimal. Chris is showing, Carol is told by a police officer to move her car, and she does so. endstream endobj 81 0 obj <>>>/Metadata 53 0 R/OCProperties<>/OCGs[92 0 R]>>/Pages 73 0 R/StructTreeRoot 70 0 R/Type/Catalog/ViewerPreferences<>>> endobj 82 0 obj <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Rotate 0/TrimBox[0.0 0.0 504.0 720.0]/Type/Page>> endobj 83 0 obj <>stream Putting these 11 in exception, the 60 remaining responses are the following: One of the questions that Festinger and Carlsmith were aiming to answer is how enjoyable were the tasks for the participants. A rating of the amount of time in the discussion that the S spent discussing the tasks as opposed to going off into irrelevant things. This is manifested in the phenomenon called cognitive dissonance. But nevertheless, the possibility exists that the Ss n the One Dollar condition may have improvised more. Festinger, L. and Carlsmith, J. M. (1959). Michigan Academician, 1, 3-12. In this way, they propose, the person who is forced to improvise a speech convinces himself. All experimental Ss in both One Dollar and Twenty Dollar conditions were asked, after this explanation, to return the money they had [p. 207] been given. At the beginning of the Festinger and Carlsmith experiment, student volunteers were asked to perform a simple and boring task. Kerry's positive attitude toward China, even though she has never been there, seems to be related to the fact that her mother is Chinese and talks about China all the time with Kerry. Method In their laboratory experiment, they used 71 male students as participants to perform a series of dull tasks (such as turning pegs in a peg board for an hour). His refusal to grant them loans is an example of________. In the study, undergraduate students of Introductory Psychology at Stanford University were asked to take part of a series of experiments. Discourage questions and alternate solutions. In a classic piece of cognitive dissonance research, researchers assigned students to different sides of a debate about the merits of college football. Through the lens of cognitive dissonance theory, however, the explanation was a bit different. in order to reduce dissonance. Which method of attitude formations is involved in this example? In Festinger and Carlsmith's experiment, 11 of the 71 responses were considered invalid for a couple of reasons. Carol is showing, In Milgram's study, as the teachers became reluctant to continue, the experimenter, Studies have found that in civil suits, if individual members of the jury favor stiff penalties, the deliberation process will result in even higher penalties. Most of our subjects tell us afterward that they found it quite interesting You get a chance to see how you react to the tasks and so forth." This short persuasive communication was made in all conditions in exactly the same way. Despite the seriousness of his message, the police officer jokes and laughs with the employees. Find out how you can intelligently organize your Flashcards. Why are black people stopped by police more than white people? Which communicator would likely be most persuasive? } 8LDR#sUFZTE_|@N. This has many practical implications. The group most likely to become a scapegoat is the group. How would a social psychologist describe this situation? Participants in the $1 condition experience greater discomfort and agitation when lying about how fun the task was than do participants in the $20 condition. hXr8=fj*!US%mfy l8oIbR0Bn t7!g] %>))BI0` 98sUx GHM. endobj Some have already been discussed. endobj Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58, 203-211. From this point on, as the promised rewards or threatened punishment become larger, the magnitude of dissonance becomes smaller. After the half hour on the second task was over, the E conspicuously set the stop watch back to zero, put it away, pushed his chair back, lit a cigarette, and said: Up to this point the procedure was identical for Ss in all conditions.