stages of ocean basin evolution stages of ocean basin evolution

So thats all for todays article that is about the stages of ocean basin evolution. There are varying opinions as to whether the amount of continental crust is increasing, decreasing, or staying about the same, but it is agreed that the Earth's crust is constantly being reconfigured. The stages of ocean basin evolution include Embryonic, juvenile,mature,declining,terminal and relict scar. In the southwest Pacific, New Zealand, along with the Lord Howe Rise and the Norfolk Ridge, rifted away from Australia and Antarctica between 80 and 60 million years ago, opening the Tasman Sea. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. DeepOceanFacts.com -All Right Reserved. From top to bottom, what are the four layers of the oceanic crust? What is thought to influence the overproduction and pruning of synapses in the brain quizlet? I have worked with luxury brands and high-end news publications, including Vogue Paris, NY Magazine, NY Observer, W Magazine, Brides, VOGUE, and Out. The key features of the oldest latest ocean basin were shaped by the phenomena linked with plate tectonics. "}}, {"@type": "Question","name": "What are the three major topographic units of the ocean basins? "}}, {"@type": "Question","name": "Which ocean basin is the youngest? Do not put unnecessary marks on any part of this SLM. Young basins are characterised by the absence of ocean trenches, young ocean crust (<8MA), large areas of continental slope, thick sediments, and large percentage area of mid-ocean ridge rift valley (above 1.7%). Close to 180 million years ago (but before 165 million years ago), North America and Eurasia, which together made up most of the large northern continent of Laurasia, began drifting away from Africa and South America, creating the first seafloor in the central region of the North Atlantic and opening the Gulf of Mexico. - The Pacific Ocean basin is shrinking, and the Atlantic ocean basin is growing wider. The ocean basin continued to widen through seafloor spreading. Next up, after the juvenile stage of ocean basin revolution we have the mature stage. In the declining stage, the movement that appear and happens is the continuous of the sub-duction. Top 9 what invention increased the need for slaves in the south? https://www.ametsoc.org/amsedu/OTIDS/2.10.html, https://deepoceanfacts.com/stages-of-ocean-basin-evolution, https://www.britannica.com/science/ocean-basin/Evolution-of-the-ocean-basins-through-plate-movements, https://www.microblife.in/what-are-the-four-stages-of-the-evolution-of-an-ocean-basin-from-first-to-last/. The Wilson Cycle can be described in six phases of tectonic plate motion: the separation of a continent ( continental rift ), formation of a young ocean at the seafloor, formation of ocean basins during continental drift, initiation of subduction, closure of ocean basins due to oceanic lithospheric subduction, and finally, collision of two Along the west coast of North America, the Pacific Plate and the North American Plate converged along what is now California shortly after 30 million years ago. The seafloor in the western portion of the Philippine Sea developed between 60 and 35 million years ago. ","acceptedAnswer": {"@type": "Answer","text": "The Amerasian basin in the western Arctic Ocean had formed during an earlier spreading phase from about 130 to 110 million years ago. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". - The embryonic stage begins with continental pressed being uplifted and pulled part. Do not forget to keep following our website because there will be more interesting article to come that you need to know. And here today in this article I would like to explain and inform to you about each stages so you can understand better. Nature 211:676681, NOAA (2005) World ocean atlas data. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. Since that time the major developments have included a shrinking of the Pacific basin at the expense of the growing Atlantic and Arctic basins, the opening of the Tethys seaway circling the globe in tropical latitudes and its subsequent closing, and the opening of the Southern Ocean as the southern continents moved north away from Antarctica. That is as a result of ocean basins are pretty short-liv~d facets of this planet: no oceanic crust older than about 180 Ma is thought from the latest oceans. 2 What are the stages of the ocean basin evolution? An example for the mature stage is the Atlantic Ocean. Together they comprise the overpowering majority of all water on this planet and feature a typical depth of virtually 4 km (about 2.5 miles). What are the four stages of the evolution of an ocean basin from This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Then, to know either the stage of the ocean basin evolution is in the mature stage or not there is a characteristic that you can know. f Stage 1 is Embryonic, continental drifting plays a big role in the formation of an ocean, rift valley forms as continent begins to split when the separation occur sediments from the adjacent continents soon begin to build out to the new In this article, 5 major basins might be talked about in particulars adding their description, features and usage. Available online at http://www.marineregions.org/. The Amerasian basin in the western Arctic Ocean had formed during an earlier spreading phase from about 130 to 110 million years ago. Geotectonics 40:345356, Ricou L-E (1996) The plate tectonic history of the past Tethys Ocean. Ocean basin. Evolution of the ocean basins through plate movements. The Dangers of Polluting The Sea Against Marine 5 Examples of Hydrological Natural Disasters that You 6 Factors Affecting Air Temperature and The Explanation, Causes of Typhoon Hagibis and The Impacts of Mitigation Methods, Sand Boil Phenomenon Explanation and How to Overcome, Characteristics of Freshwater Swamp Forests Functions Distributions. Which is an example of the mature stage of the ocean basin? From the case of the Atlantic Ocean, Wilson Cycle plate margins can broadly be described as having the following attributes: A Wilson cycle is not the same as a supercontinent cycle, which is the break-up of one supercontinent and the development of another and takes place on a global scale. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. The majority of the ocean basins on Earth were created by either subduction or seafloor spreading, two types of plate tectonic activity. Oxford University Press, 300 pp, Tchernia P (1980) Descriptive regional oceanography. The Pacific Ocean Basin is said to be the oldest among the many other basins on Earth. GRID-Arendal, Postboks 183, 4836, Arendal, Norway, You can also search for this author in If there is a place that has so many volcanoes, this is also can be a marked where there is exist an active tectonic margin that allow the ocean basin in that place experience the evolution. In radiotherapy why is gamma radiation used to kill cancer cells? The crust, the mantle, the outer core, and the inner core, in that order, are the layers that make up our planet and affect many of its major processes. [1] The Wilson Cycle model was a key development in the theory of plate tectonics during the Plate Tectonics Revolution. The model is named after John Tuzo Wilson, in recognition of his iconic observation that the present-day Atlantic Ocean appears along a former suture zone[2] and his development in a classic 1968 paper[3] of what was later named the "Wilson cycle" in 1975 by Kevin C. A. Burke, a colleague and friend of Wilson. The different that you can see is being caused by the evolution of the ocean basin. Following the North Atlantic Igneous Province eruptions around 55 Ma, the northern Atlantic passive margins rifted to their present state. Prog Oceanogr 60:4798, Jamieson AJ, Fujii T, Mayor DJ, Solan M, Priede IG (2010) Hadal trenches: the ecology of the deepest places on Earth. J Geophys Res 110:405, Hillier JK, Watts AB (2007) Global distribution of seamounts from ship-track bathymetry data. Changes that have happened beneath the Earth's surface caused by diagenesis or weathering are not classified as metamorphism. Declining. June 7, 2022; id10t podcast cancelled . lower crust is deformed by ductile stretching; (2) tension pulls Indian Ocean, All stages in ocean evolution are continued. rifting Pangaea to form the Atlantic Ocean. The rigid uppermost layer of the mantle is overlain by the oceanic crust, which is made up of the lower oceanic crust, which is composed of troctolite, gabbro, and ultramafic cumulates, and the upper oceanic crust, which contains pillow lavas and a dike complex. they are good conductors of heat.d. What are the four stages of the evolution of an ocean basin from first to last? The coastal shelf that stretches to depths of about 600 feet, is narrow along North and South America, but is comparatively wide along Asia and Australia. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. 1 ), a quantitative assessment of geomorphic features that characterise ocean basins at different stages of their evolution has not previously been completed. First up we have the embryonic stage. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Many people also known the continental collision stage as the suturing stage. Metamorphism in geology is the changes or adjustments that happens on the composition of rocks to physical and chemical conditions. Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, Moscow, St Petersburg, pp 120130, Gardner JV, Armstrong AA (2011) The Mariana trench: a new view based on multibeam echo sounding, American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2011. "Fifty years of the Wilson Cycle concept in plate tectonics: an overview". 1. Based on the most recent exploration progress in this region, the structural characteristics and active parameters of the buried hill faults in this region were quantitatively analyzed using the balanced section technique. During this period spreading continued in the Pacific basin with the growth of the Pacific Plate and the consumption by subduction of its bordering plates, including the Izanagi, Farallon, and Phoenix. The Liuyuan Ocean, a branch oceanic basin of the Paleo-Asian Ocean, may have been opened by a mantle plume in the Late Mesoproterozoic (1,017-886 Ma) . Although it first opened some 140 million years ago, almost all of the Indian Ocean basin is less than 80 million years old. At the end of this module, the successful learner will be able to: 1. Hopefully this article can help you to know more about the formation of the ocean basin. This, in turn, has led to greatly improved geological, geodynamic and numerical models for the crustal and mantle processes involved in continental margin formation from the initial stages of rifting through continental rupture and break-up to development of a new ocean basin. In: Udintsev GB (ed) International geological atlas of the Pacific Ocean. About 60 million years ago a new rift and oceanic ridge formed between Greenland and Europe, separating them and initiating the formation of oceanic crust in the Norwegian Sea and the Eurasian basin in the eastern Arctic Ocean. J Geophys Res 106:1943119441, Whitehead JA (1998) Topographic control of oceanic flows in deep passages and straits. -holds the majority of the planet's water. The correct option is option D that says: 1. Top 8 what international event led to the red scare, Top 9 what internal factors led to the downfall of aksum, Top 9 what internal and external factors led to the downfall of aksum. The Wilson Cycle explains the process of the opening (beginning) and the. However, the early-stage tectonic evolution and the subduction initiation time of different oceanic basins were not clear in the southern Paleo-Asian Ocean. Shortly after this time continental fragments, including possibly Tibet, Myanmar (Burma), and Malaya, rifted away from the northwest coast of Australia and moved northward, thereby creating the oldest seafloor in the Timor Sea. As was noted earlier, the oldest known oceanic crust (estimated to be about 200 million years old) is located in the far western equatorial Pacific, east of the Mariana Island arc. -about 70% of Earth's surface. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The movement that appears in this stage is the uplift of the bottom part of the ocean. Although the oceans are commonly stated as covering 72% of the earth, this figure includes the (submerged) continental shelves, which are geologically extensions of the continents and not part of the ocean basins. exposed mantle cools into oceanic crust; (4) continued spreading Despite the fact that there is only one ocean in the world, it has historically been split into the Arctic, Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific ocean basins. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. International Hydrographic Organisation and Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, Monaco, p 32, Ivanov VV, Shapiro GI, Huthnance JM, Aleynik DL, Golovin PN (2004) Cascades of dense water around the world ocean. To know either the ocean basin is in the declining stage or not there is a character that differentiate this stage from another stages. valley; (3) continued spreading creates a narrow sea; (4) after Ano ang naging batayan ng pang-ekonomiya at pampulitikang desisyon ng mga bansa? By default, what ::Refer to the image below to answer the following question. The evolution contains five stages which are embryonic stage, juvenile stage, mature stage, declining stage, terminal stage, mature stage, and continental collision. The evolution contains five stages which are embryonic stage, juvenile stage, mature stage, declining stage, terminal stage, mature stage, and continental collision. The basin is found on the east of the North and South American continents, west of Asia, Malaysia and Australia. ","acceptedAnswer": {"@type": "Answer","text": "Modern ocean basins contain no oceanic lithosphere older than Jurassic (<200 million years in age). hypsometric curves describe the stages of landscape evolution, which also provide . If you want to compare the oceans seafloor one to another there will be a difference of their bottom structure. Ocean basins are formed by the stretching and splitting (rifting) of continental crust, followed by the rise of mantle material and magma into the crack to form new oceanic lithosphere. lower crust is deformed by ductile stretching; (2) tension pulls DOI: "Start of the Wilson Cycle at 3 Ga Shown by Diamonds from Subcontinental Mantle", "Did the Atlantic Close and then Re-Open? A case study of the Wilson Cycle can be seen with the development of the Atlantic Ocean. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. Figure 4.2.1.1. Then, to grasp either the stage of the sea basin evolution is in the mature stage or not there is a attribute that you can know. first to last? ","acceptedAnswer": {"@type": "Answer","text": "A number of major features of the basins depart from this averagefor example, the mountainous ocean ridges, deep-sea trenches, and jagged, linear fracture zones. Meanwhile, Juvenile stage makes the existence of oceanic crust occur below the sea level with the shape of thin and dense. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. apart the crusts and crust slab sink in the middle, forming a rift What are the 4 major oceans of the world? Top 8 what interest rate compounded monthly is equivalent to an interest rate of 14% compounded quarterly? "}}, {"@type": "Question","name": "What is the formation of the ocean basin? ","acceptedAnswer": {"@type": "Answer","text": "The Indian Ocean is the smallest, geologically youngest, and physically most complex of the world's three major oceans (the others being the Pacific and Atlantic). The rift split the supercontinent to form a narrow ocean basin. In addition, usually the geologist will see either there is a island arcs and the island trenches around the basin edge or not. The narrow ocean basin may be caused by sediment input that make the young mountain exist along and around the flanks. Various parts of the modern day Atlantic Ocean opened at different times over the Mesozoic to Cenozoic periods following the Wilson Cycle. 7 Which is an example of the mature stage of the ocean basin? This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. b) (1) The upper crust is broken along reverse faults while the continental margins, (2) deep ocean basins and (3) mid-oceanic ridges, Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Southern Ocean, and Arctic Ocean, mountainous ocean ridges, deep-sea trenches, and jagged, linear fracture zones, trenches, abyssal plains, ocean ridges and rises, and submarine mountainous regions, continents are a good deal older than the sea floor, Modern ocean basins contain no oceanic lithosphere older than Jurassic (<200 million years in age). broad ocean basin widens, trenches develop and subduction begins. valley; (3) continued spreading creates a narrow sea; (4) after The Pacific Plate moved northward during this phase and continues to do so today. Have Fun! In the east it was formed by backarc spreading from 30 million years ago. a) (1) The upper crust is deformed by ductile stretching while the lower crust is broken along normal faults (2) tension pulls apart the crusts and crust slab sink in the middle forming a rift valley (3) continued spreading creates a narrow sea (4) after continued spreading an ocean and ridge system are created. Figure 2. c) (1) The upper crust is broken along normal faults while the The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. ","acceptedAnswer": {"@type": "Answer","text": "Ocean basins form initially by stretching and splitting (rifting) of continental crust, and the rise of mantle material and magma into the crack to form new oceanic lithosphere. rift valley forms as continent begins to split. Embryonic - Motion: Uplift Example: Great Rift Valley The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Please use this module with care. 1. Stages of Ocean Basin ACTIVE Evolution -regions below sea level. 6. Australia began drifting northward, clear of East Antarctica, developing seafloor there. Taking an example of the west coast of South Africa, you can see so many active tectonic margin there. Rank, in order, the evolution of a continental hot spot. The Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico formed as a result of the relative movement between North America and South America. Wilson Cycle: The Opening and Closing of an Ocean Basin And A Plate Tectonic Rock Cycle Jump Ahead to Specific Stages How Much Do You Understand - A Self Test One Page Wilson Cycle Circular Wilson Cycle Published Wilson Cycle Stage A - Stable Craton Stage B - Hot Spot/Rifting Stage C - Early Divergent Margin Stage D - Full Divergent Margin But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. What materials make up the four layers of the earth? http://elpub.wdcb.ru/journals/rjes/v06/tje04146/tje04146.htm, Pushcharovsky YM (2006) Tectonic types of the Pacific abyssal basins. What are the four main ocean basins which is the largest and which is the smallest? During this same period, Europe, joined to Greenland, began drifting away from North America, which resulted in the emergence of the seafloor in the Labrador Sea and the northernmost Atlantic Ocean. The basin evolution is divided into the stable ocean basin stage, the slow subduction and filling stage and the fast subduction and filling stage. Features rising up from the ocean floor include seamounts, volcanic islands and the mid-oceanic ridges and rises. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. Cited by 38 As outlined in Table 1 and Figure 2, the six-stage cycle for opening and closing of ocean basins (only later termed the Wilson Cycle), The six-stage Wilson Cycle of opening and closing of basins , a top-notch website with top-notch content essays on a relevant topic with beautiful content, 3 Ocean basin Assessment Direction Encircle the letter of the , The Ocean Basins Their Structure and Evolution, The Wilson Cycle Dr. Asghar Ali Department of Geology , fantastic online content on a relevant topic, Your email address will not be published. The basin is located on the east of the North and South American continents, west of Asia, Malaysia and Australia. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The Atlantic Ocean has the most straightforward pattern of ocean-floor ages among the major ocean basins. As the North Atlantic Ocean continued to develop, seafloor spreading propagated northward. Between 90 and 80 million years ago, Madagascar and India separated, and the spreading ridges in the Indian Ocean were reorganized. Then, to grasp either the stage of the sea basin evolution is in the mature stage or not there is a attribute that you can know. continued spreading, an ocean and ridge system are created. ","acceptedAnswer": {"@type": "Answer","text": "Ocean basin is basically the region that contains a huge amount of water. apart the crusts and exposes the mantle between them; (3) continued 6 What are the 5 stages of ocean evolution? 5 What are the 4 major oceans of the world? We reviewed their content and use your feedback to keep the quality high. There are some stages of ocean basin evolution. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. basalts begin forming as continental sections diverge, broad . Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. Ocean basin is virtually the region that contains a huge amount of water. - 143.244.138.144. The points of an active oceanic basin often come with the oceanic trench associated with a subduction zone . See Answer. Tectonic map of region around A journey from the Wasatch Front southwest to the Pacific Ocean will show stages of desert landscape evolution from the young fault blocks of Utah with sharp peaks and alluvial fans at the mouths of canyons, through older landscapes in Southern Nevada with bajadas along the mountain fronts, to the oldest landscapes in the Mojave Desert of Top 8 what international event led to the red scare? The ocean floor is called the abyssal plain. Top 9 what intertidal zone do sea anemones typically inhabit? There are some stages of ocean basin evolution. Lets just take a look to our ocean. valley; (3) continued spreading creates a narrow sea; (4) after The Four LayersThe crust is made of the lightest materials (rock- basalts and granites) and the core is made of heavy metals (nickel and iron).Many geologists believe that as the Earth cooled, the heavier, denser materials sank to the center and the lighter materials rose to the top. a) (1) The upper crust is deformed by ductile stretching while Just like its name, embryonic is the first stage of ocean basin evolution. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. Available from: http://www.nodc.noaa.gov/OC5/WOA05/pr_woa05.html, Wright J, Rothery DA (1998) The ocean basins: their structure and evolution, 2nd edn. An instance for the mature stage is the Atlantic Ocean. From largest to smallest, the five ocean basins are the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern, and Arctic. Features of the Ocean Basin Watch on What are the stages of ocean basin? ocean basin widens, trenches develop and subduction begins, subduction Between 60 and 50 million years ago, significant events occurred in the Indian Ocean and southwest Pacific. ","acceptedAnswer": {"@type": "Answer","text": "THE SHAPE OF OCEAN BASINS THE MAIN FEATURES OF OCEAN BASINS CONTINENTAL MARGINS Aseismic continental margins Seismic continental margins and island arcs OCEAN RIDGES Ridge topography Age-depth relationships across ridges "}}, {"@type": "Question","name": "When was ocean basin formed? These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. The Murder Mystery: This is a casino themed murder, Is Tuna A Delicacy? Right-click on Rythm bot name and select Kick, Is Fishing Clash Offline? Even though there is one world ocean, it has traditionally been divided into four major ocean basins: the Arctic, the Atlantic, the Indian, and the Pacific. Wilson, R. W.; Houseman, G. A.; Buiter, S. J. H.; McCaffrey, K. J. W.; Dor, A. G. (2019). What are some examples of how providers can receive incentives? "}}, {"@type": "Question","name": "How do scientists determine the shape of past ocean basins? ","acceptedAnswer": {"@type": "Answer","text": "Geographic features associated with deep-ocean basins include trenches, abyssal plains, ocean ridges and rises, and submarine mountainous regions. What are the 5 stages of ocean evolution? The Pacific Ocean is the largest and deepest ocean in the world. Between 60 and 50 million years ago, significant events occurred in the Indian Ocean and southwest Pacific. stages of ocean basin evolution. However, the shape of most past ocean basins needs to be worked out from observations of remnants preserved in continental areas. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. In the Indian Ocean the oldest segment of seafloor was formed about 165 to 145 million years ago by the rifting away of Africa and South America from Gondwana, a supercontinent consisting largely of the present-day continents of the Southern Hemisphere. The solid crust on the outside, the mantle, and the coresplit into the outer core and the inner coreare the four main layers of the Earth. Juvenile. Its oldest rocks have been dated at about 200 million years. Source: https://deepoceanfacts.com/stages-of-ocean-basin-evolution, Sumary: Through most of geologic time, probably extending back 2 billion years, the ocean basins have both grown and been consumed as plate tectonics continued on Earth. What are the four stages of the evolution of an ocean basin from Frequently Asked Questions About what are the four stages of the evolution of an ocean basin from first to last? What order are the four layers of the earth in? https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57852-1_8, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57852-1_8, eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0). However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. - The Mediterranean seat is in the process of closing. squeeze ocean basin, collision / regional uplift / That is because ocean basins are relatively short-liv~d features of this planet: no oceanic crust older than about 180 Ma is known from the present oceans. a) (1) The upper crust is deformed by ductile stretching while the lower crust is broken along normal faults (2) tension pulls apart the crusts and crust slab sink in the middle forming a rift valley (3) continued spreading creates a narrow sea (4) after continued spreading an ocean and ridge system are created. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". Tectonic activities that usually appear such as, earthquake, formation of new igneous rock, and etc. Identify and describe the structure of the ocean basin. Top 6 what interactions exist between a tick on a dog and the dog, Top 9 what happens if you have no human contact. An example for the mature stage is the Atlantic Ocean. This hat says its water-resistant but just try your best not to get, What Is Social Fact According To mile Durkheim? Continued closure between Africa and Europe, which began about 100 million years ago, caused the isolation of the Mediterranean Sea, so that by 6 million years ago this water body had completely evaporated. The evolution contains five stages which are embryonic stage, juvenile stage, mature stage, declining stage, terminal stage, mature stage, and continental collision. the lower crust is broken along normal faults; (2) tension pulls [4], The Wilson cycle theory is based upon the idea of an ongoing cycle of ocean closure, continental collision, and a formation of new ocean on the former suture zone. The changes from the young mountains become mature mountains is being caused by the collide of continents. The characteristic is the existence of the continental margins in the sea seafloor that creates the ocean basin. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". The ocean basin can just stuck and stay in one stage and not continuing the next stages. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. West of Italy it was created during subsequent spreading between 30 and 20 million years ago. after the Canadian geophysicist J. Tuzo Wilson (1908-1993). fault, Compressional pushing together, Correspondence to PubMedGoogle Scholar. How To Add Sea Blue-Green To Your Color Palettes? Seismic tools currently exist to better test the proposed transmogrification of ocean basins into continent, and this hypothesis highlights our continued need to explore the deep seismic structure of continental crust. The evolution contains five stages which are embryonic stage, juvenile stage, mature stage, declining stage, terminal stage, mature stage, and continental collision. Geological Society, London, Special Publications. continued spreading, an ocean and ridge system are created. Atwater BF, Carson B, Griggs GB, Johnson HP, Salmi MS (2014) Rethinking turbidite paleoseismology along the Cascadia subduction zone. The Atlantic ocean and the Arctic ocean are good examples of active, growing oceanic basins, whereas the Mediterranean Sea is shrinking.