german unification ap euro german unification ap euro

The widespreadmainly Germanrevolutions of 184849 sought unification of Germany under a single constitution. In 1870 Italy and Germany were unified. Corporate author : International Scientific Committee for the drafting of a General History of Africa Person as author : Ki-Zerbo, Joseph [editor] Chapter 19 AP Euro DRAFT. It realized the Kleindeutsche Lsung ("Lesser German Solution", with the exclusion of Austria) as opposed to a Grodeutsche Lsung or "Greater German Solution", which would have included Austria. In 1806, after a successful invasion of Prussia and the defeat of Prussia at the joint battles of Jena-Auerstedt 1806 during the War of the Third Coalition, Napoleon dictated the Treaty of Pressburg which included the formal dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire and the abdication of Emperor Francis II from the nominal reign over it. AP stands for "Advanced Placement"; it is a test intended for U.S. or foreign high school students to prove extraordinary knowledge. "Asymmetrical Historical Comparison: The Case of the German, Llobera, Josep R. and Goldsmiths' College. Germany, due to its size, speaks for Europe. Further complexity can be created by identifying some as Wagnerian-style romantic nationalists and others as Bismarck-like realpolitik nationalists. [111], Additional studies of different groups in Wilhelmine Germany have all contributed to a new view of the period. By establishing a Germany without Austria, the political and administrative unification in 1871 at least temporarily solved the problem of dualism. "[65] Bismarck's words, "iron and blood" (or "blood and iron", as often attributed), have often been misappropriated as evidence of a German lust for blood and power. [68], By 1862, when Bismarck made his speech, the idea of a German nation-state in the peaceful spirit of Pan-Germanism had shifted from the liberal and democratic character of 1848 to accommodate Bismarck's more conservative Realpolitik. These individual governments rejected the potent combination of enticing promises and subtle (or outright) threats Bismarck used to try to gain their support against the Habsburgs. Second, the unification of Italy provided Prussia an ally against Austria in the Austro-Prussian War of 1866. They could also attend universities and enter the professions. The German Empire became," in Karl Marx's words, a military despotism cloaked in parliamentary forms with a feudal ingredient, influenced by the bourgeoisie, festooned with bureaucrats and guarded by police. Indeed, many historians would see Germany's escape into war in 1914 as a flight from all of the internal-political contradictions forged by Bismarck at Versailles in the fall of 1870. Many modern historians describe this myth, without subscribing to it: for example. During the brief Napoleonic restoration known as the 100 Days of 1815, forces of the Seventh Coalition, including an Anglo-Allied army under the command of the Duke of Wellington and a Prussian army under the command of Gebhard von Blcher, were victorious at Waterloo (18 June 1815). Prussia's consolidated strength had become especially apparent during the Partitions of Poland, the War of the Austrian Succession and the Seven Years' War under Frederick the Great. For the most part, these Polish-speaking Catholics did not assimilate into German culture, and Bismarck often dealt with the Poles in a brutal manner, eventually expelling large numbers of Poles and Polish Jews in 1885. After the revolutions of 1848 there were increasing ties between nationalism and conservatism, The invasion of Russia included nearly 125,000 troops from German lands, and the loss of that army encouraged many Germans, both high- and low-born, to envision a Central Europe free of Napoleon's influence. [17] In this context, one can detect its roots in the experience of Germans in the Napoleonic period. Rail travel changed how cities looked and how people traveled. A complete overview of the AP European History exam. In Qin Dynasty, Qin Shi Huang Di uses Legalist, harsh values to govern the . Yet there is a natural undercurrent tending to a national feeling and toward a union of the Germans into one great nation, ruled by one common head as a national unit. The effects of the railway were immediate. He instead created a seating plan by which all seats faced the stage directly. By late spring, most important states opposed Berlin's effort to reorganize the German states by force. They traced the roots of the German language, and drew its different lines of development together. Held together only by the idea of unification, their notions of how to achieve this did not include specific plans but instead rested on the nebulous idea that the Volk (the people), if properly educated, would bring about unification on their own. Finally, it extended to the religion of the new Empire's population. Bismarck's policies, especially the buildup of the Prussian army, led to conflict with the liberal-dominated Lower House of the Prussian parliament, which resisted his proposals to pay for the increase in military expenditures with new taxes until Bismarck and the crown agreed to lasting constitutional reform. [91] Over the next few weeks, the Spanish offer turned into the talk of Europe. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2000. Many of their ideas and programs were later incorporated into Bismarck's social programs (e.g., social insurance, education programs, and wider definitions of suffrage). Although they initially sought to restore central Imperial power, preserving a weak and fragmented Empire was convenient for France and Sweden, and therefore, their ensuing intervention led to the Peace of Westphalia which effectively thwarted for centuries any serious attempts to reinforce the imperial central authority and petrified fragmentation, resulting in the German-speaking territories comprising on the eve of the Napoleonic Wars still more than 300 political entities, most of them being parts of the Holy Roman Empire, though portions of the extensive Habsburg Monarchy (exclusively its large non-German-speaking territories: Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen and the Austrian partition of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth) or of the Hohenzollern Kingdom of Prussia (both the German-speaking former Duchy of Prussia and the non-German-speaking entire territory of the Prussian partition of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth) as well as the German-speaking Swiss cantons were outside of the Imperial borders. Students will examine the co-option of traditional political factions such as liberals and conservatives by German unifiers and the emergence of new political groups as various national minority parties, including the Catholic Center Party and the Social Democrats, as a result of unification. The rank of nobility is abolished. The negotiators at Vienna took no account of Prussia's growing strength within and declined to create a second coalition of the German states under Prussia's influence, and so failed to foresee that Prussia would rise to challenge Austria for leadership of the German peoples. Moreover, the creation of the German Empire necessitated that various political and socio-economic interests either were suppressed or incorporated into the broader national structure. Napoleon established instead a German client state of France known as the Confederation of the Rhine which, inter alia, provided for the mediatization of over a hundred petty princes and counts and the absorption of their territories, as well as those of hundreds of imperial knights, by the Confederation's member-states. Prussia thus exercised influence in both bodies, with executive power vested in the Prussian King as Kaiser, who appointed the federal chancellor. [87] In 1867, the Austrian emperor Franz Joseph accepted a settlement (the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867) in which he gave his Hungarian holdings equal status with his Austrian domains, creating the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary.[88]. He rejected liberal politics and constitutionalism in favor of unification "from above" through military force and diplomatic scheming. Further complications emerged as a result of a shift in industrialization and manufacturing; as people sought jobs, they left their villages and small towns to work during the week in the cities, returning for a day and a half on weekends. [118], By the years of unification, German Jews played an important role in the intellectual underpinnings of the German professional, intellectual, and social life. Bismarck's response to the Lower House was his famous "iron and blood" speech. AP Euro: German Unification 45,625 views Jan 31, 2015 546 Dislike Share Paul Sargent 28.5K subscribers An overview of the process of German unification, with an emphasis on the role of Otto. The unification of Germany fundamentally altered the delicate "balance of powers" established by the Congress of Vienna with the creation of a large, wealthy, and powerful nation-state in central Europe. Military successesespecially those of Prussiain three regional wars generated enthusiasm and pride that politicians could harness to promote unification. Wagner personally oversaw the design and construction of the theater located in the small Bavarian village of Bayreuth, the Festspielhaus, which opened in 1870 and where the Ring Cycle operas were first performed. Nor did it develop particularly early, being rather a largely mid-to-late-19th-century phenomenon. Supporters of Grossdeutsch, or Greater Germany, insisted that Prussians and Austrians with a common language naturally should be part of one nation. The German unification was also brought together by the Franco-Prussian war. [74], The second episode in Bismarck's unification efforts occurred in 1866. On 5 July, the Frankfurt Diet voted for an additional 10 articles, which reiterated existing rules on censorship, restricted political organizations, and limited other public activity. web dbq the unification of germany and italy answer all questions on looseleaf will be graded as a test introduction the 19th century was one of constant political turmoil napoleon conquered lands and united them into an empire In 1864 Bismarck trumped up charges against the Danish government for their treatment of Germans living in the Danish province of Schleswig-Holstein. 316395. From the German perspective, the actions of Blcher's troops at Waterloo, and the combined efforts at Leipzig, offered a rallying point of pride and enthusiasm. Students will analyze the creation of the German Empire as constructed "from above" by Prussian leadership through political institutions, economic interest, diplomacy, and war and the consequences of this for political, religious, and nationalistic opponents of German unification. The economic strength of Prussia was one of the most important reasons behind the unification of Germany. This essay, and the others in this collection, focuses on Saxony, demonstrating how multiple groups of non-German ethnicities interacted in the era of unification. The Wars of Unification resulted in the annexation of large populations of non-German speakers, such as Danes in Schleswig and French in Alsace-Lorraine. Even after the end of the Holy Roman Empire, this competition influenced the growth and development of nationalist movements in the 19th century. Following the defeat of the Austrian Empire in 1866, the German states allied with Prussia, with the notable exception of Catholic Bavaria, forming the North German Confederation. Italy had its own way of unifying and so did Germany. 9 months ago. Consequently, a German nation united under one banner presented significant questions. The ensuing furor has been dubbed by historians as the Hohenzollern candidature. AP Euro P.4 2/14/23 German language: 1800 was one of the most influential elements that led to German unification; several diverse German writers and theorists started to give work towards uniting German identity that wasn't involved with French control under Napoleon Burschenschaft: 1815 For the German philosopher Johann Gottlieb Fichte, The first, original, and truly natural boundaries of states are beyond doubt their internal boundaries. Prussia won and directly annexed some of the German states that had sided . Once he arrived, however, he ordered his troops immediately into the fray. Prussia, of course, received the greatest number of seats in both houses. [81] In the day-long Battle of Kniggrtz, near the village of Sadov, Friedrich Carl and his troops arrived late, and in the wrong place. NAME _____ Mod ____ Ms. Pojer EHAP HGHS German Nationalism & Unification ? This newer scholarship has demonstrated the importance of the merchant classes of the Hanseatic cities and the industrial leadership (the latter particularly important in the Rhineland) in the ongoing development of the Second Empire. Although today, the four parts of the Ring Cycle operas, Das Rheingold (The Rhine Gold), Die Walkur (The Valkyries), Sigfried, and Gtterdammerung (The Twilight of the Gods), are performed as separate pieces, Wagner composed them as part of a single piece and insisted that they be performed on successive nights. The external tariffs on finished goods and overseas raw materials were below the rates of the Zollverein. Despite the legal, administrative, and political disruption caused by the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the German-speaking people of the old Empire had a common linguistic, cultural, and legal tradition. [1], Invasion of the (mostly ceremonial at the time) HRR by the First French Empire in the War of the Second Coalition (17981802) resulted in crushing the HRR and allied forces by Napoleon Bonaparte. The speed of Prussian mobilization astonished the French, and the Prussian ability to concentrate power at specific pointsreminiscent of Napoleon I's strategies seventy years earlieroverwhelmed French mobilization. [97] "In the days after Sedan, Prussian envoys met with the French and demanded a large cash indemnity as well as the cession of Alsace and Lorraine. Within three years, 141 kilometers (88mi) of track had been laid, by 1840, 462 kilometers (287mi), and by 1860, 11,157 kilometers (6,933mi). By 1870 three of the important lessons of the Austro-Prussian war had become apparent. As German states ceased to be a military crossroads, however, the roads improved; the length of hardsurfaced roads in Prussia increased from 3,800 kilometers (2,400mi) in 1816 to 16,600 kilometers (10,300mi) in 1852, helped in part by the invention of macadam. [64], Bismarck expressed the essence of Realpolitik in his subsequently famous "Blood and Iron" speech to the Budget Committee of the Prussian Chamber of Deputies on 30 September 1862, shortly after he became Minister President: "The great questions of the time will not be resolved by speeches and majority decisionsthat was the great mistake of 1848 and 1849but by iron and blood. Early in his career, Wagner identified with the socialist movement and supported the Revolution of 1848 in Germany. This new version of the course involves breadth of the knowledge you as students must possess on test day. Prussian merchants, with the support of the Prussian crown, established the customs and trade union known as the Zollverein in 1834. The German Confederation saw this act as a violation of the London Protocol of 1852, which emphasized the status of the Kingdom of Denmark as distinct from the three independent duchies. By 1846, 180 steamers plied German rivers and Lake Constance, and a network of canals extended from the Danube, the Weser, and the Elbe rivers. .We need a powerful ruling house. Their pressure resulted in a variety of elections, based on different voting qualifications, such as the Prussian three-class franchise, which granted to some electoral groupschiefly the wealthier, landed onesgreater representative power. Russia's included the eastern regions of Central Europe and a balancing influence in the Balkans. Grand speeches, flags, exuberant students, and picnic lunches did not translate into a new political, bureaucratic, or administrative apparatus. [51] Instead, modern historians claim 1848 saw specific achievements by the liberal politicians. Eric Ryan Distinguished Scholar at Southern Methodist University studying Finance, Business Journalism, and Data Science This transfer particularly enhanced the territories of Wrttemberg and Baden. The "Six Articles" of 28 June 1832 primarily reaffirmed the principle of monarchical authority. 52% average accuracy. The wave of nationalism that raced through Europe in the nineteenth century resulted in the unifications of Germany and Italy. Von Roon and William (who took an active interest in military structures) began reorganizing the Prussian army, while Moltke redesigned the strategic defense of Prussia by streamlining operational command. Sometimes, as with the case of German Catholics, this was a relatively benign process; the case of Poland, however, shows a different side of German unification. Play the overture to Das Rhinegold, which is approximately 5 minutes long. In this unit, there are two big pieces of content to cover: the unification of Italy and German, as well as New Imperialism. In the aftermath of this disarray, the convergence of von Moltke's operational redesign, von Roon and Wilhelm's army restructure, and Bismarck's diplomacy influenced the realignment of the European balance of power. [14] As Maria Theresa and Joseph tried to restore Habsburg hegemony in the Holy Roman Empire, Frederick countered with the creation of the Frstenbund (Union of Princes) in 1785. France's sphere included the Iberian Peninsula and a share of influence in the Italian states. Austria and the German Unification : Napoleon 's German Confederation, concerns Metternich about German unification, he works hard to prevent, I 819 : Karls bad Decrees : cracked down an liberalism and . The numerable challenges to German unification meant that, as one prominent historian of Germany observed, the making of Germany was only slightly less difficult than the making of Germans. This may have been a pleasing prospect for Bismarck, but it was unacceptable to either Napoleon III or to Agenor, duc de Gramont, his minister of foreign affairs. The Lower House, the Reichstag, was popularly elected but could not introduce legislation and could only veto the budget, something they were usually unwilling to do. Combined diplomatic pressure from Austria and Russia (a guarantor of the 1815 agreements that established European spheres of influence) forced Prussia to relinquish the idea of the Erfurt Union at a meeting in the small town of Olmtz in Moravia. Post-1945 historians, however, see more short-term opportunism and cynicism in Bismarck's manipulation of the circumstances to create a war, rather than a grand scheme to unify a nation-state. One of the former Frankfurt Parliament members, Johann Gustav Droysen, summed up the problem: We cannot conceal the fact that the whole German question is a simple alternative between Prussia and Austria.